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Developed and maintained by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems.
1997 SESSION
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia:
1. That §§ 20-88.32, 20-88.39, 20-88.41, 20-88.47 through 20-88.50, 20-88.64, 20-88.70, 20-88.71, 20-88.76, 20-88.77, and 20-88.78 of the Code of Virginia are amended and reenacted, that the Code of Virginia is amended by adding sections numbered 20-88.64:1 through 20-88.64:5, and by adding in Article 9 of Chapter 5.3 of Title 20 sections numbered 20-88.77:1 and 20-88.77:2 as follows:
§ 20-88.32. Definitions.
In this chapter:
"Child" means an individual, whether over or under the age of majority, who is or is alleged to be owed a duty of support by the individual's parent or who is or is alleged to be the beneficiary of a support order directed to the parent.
"Child support order" means a support order for a child, including a child who has attained the age of majority under the law of the issuing state.
"Duty of support" means an obligation imposed or imposable by law to provide support for a child, spouse, or former spouse, including an unsatisfied obligation to provide support.
"Home state" means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as parent for at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the time of filing of a petition or comparable pleading for support and, if a child is less than six months old, the state in which the child lived from birth with any of them. A period of temporary absence of any of them is counted as part of the six-month or other period.
"Income" includes earnings or other periodic entitlements to money from any source and any other property subject to withholding for support under the law of this Commonwealth.
"Income-withholding order" means an order or other legal process directed to an obligor's employer or other debtor, to withhold amounts for child or spousal support from the obligor's earnings as defined in § 63.1-250.
"Initiating state" means a state from which a proceeding is forwarded or
in which a proceeding is filed for forwarding to a responding state
under this chapter or law or procedure substantially similar
to this chapter, the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, or the
Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act is filed for
forwarding to a responding state.
"Initiating tribunal" means the authorized tribunal in an initiating state.
"Issuing state" means the state in which a tribunal issues a support order or renders a judgment determining parentage.
"Issuing tribunal" means the tribunal that issues a support order or renders a judgment determining parentage.
"Law" includes decisional and statutory law and rules and regulations having the force of law.
"Obligee" means (i) an individual to whom a duty of support is or is alleged to be owed or in whose favor a support order has been issued or a judgment determining parentage has been rendered, (ii) a state or political subdivision to which the rights under a duty of support or support order have been assigned or which has independent claims based on financial assistance provided to an individual obligee, or (iii) an individual seeking a judgment determining parentage of the individual's child.
"Obligor" means an individual, or the estate of a decedent, who (i) owes or is alleged to owe a duty of support, (ii) is alleged but has not been adjudicated to be a parent of a child, or (iii) is liable under a support order.
"Register" means to file a support order or judgment determining parentage in the juvenile and domestic relations district court or with the Division of Child Support Enforcement of the Department of Social Services.
"Registering tribunal" means a tribunal in which a support order is registered.
"Responding state" means a state in which a proceeding is filed or to which a proceeding is forwarded for filing from an initiating state under this chapter or a law or procedure substantially similar to this chapter, the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, or the Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act.
"Responding tribunal" means the authorized tribunal in a responding state.
"Spousal-support order" means a support order for a spouse or former spouse of the obligor.
"State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands
or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States. The term "state" includes a Native American tribe and includes a
foreign jurisdiction that has enacted a law or established
procedures for issuance and enforcement of support orders which are
substantially similar to the procedures under this chapter, the Uniform
Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, or the Revised Uniform Reciprocal
Enforcement of Support Act.
"Support enforcement agency" means a public official or agency authorized to seek enforcement of support orders or laws relating to the duty of support, establishment or modification of child support, determination of parentage, or locating obligors or their assets. A support enforcement agency of this Commonwealth is not authorized to establish or enforce a support order for spousal support only.
"Support order" means a judgment, decree, or order, whether temporary, final, or subject to modification, for the benefit of a child, a spouse, or a former spouse, which provides for monetary support, health care, arrearages, or reimbursement, and may include related costs and fees, interest, income withholding, attorney's fees, and other relief.
"Tribunal" means a court, administrative agency, or quasi-judicial entity authorized to establish, enforce, or modify support orders or to determine parentage; however, the support enforcement agency of this Commonwealth has no authority to establish or enforce a support order for spousal support only.
§ 20-88.39. Continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.
A. A tribunal of this Commonwealth issuing a support order consistent with the law of this Commonwealth has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over a child support order:
1. As long as this Commonwealth remains the residence of the obligor, the individual obligee, or the child for whose benefit the support order is issued; or
2. Until each individual party has all of the parties who are
individuals have filed written consent with a tribunal of this
Commonwealth for a tribunal of another state to modify the order and assume
continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.
B. A tribunal of this Commonwealth issuing a child support order consistent with the law of this Commonwealth may not exercise its continuing jurisdiction to modify the order if the order has been modified by a tribunal of another state pursuant to a law substantially similar to this chapter.
C. If a child support order of this Commonwealth is modified by a tribunal of another state pursuant to a law substantially similar to this chapter, a tribunal of this Commonwealth loses its continuing, exclusive jurisdiction with regard to prospective enforcement of the order issued in this Commonwealth, and may only:
1. Enforce the order that was modified as to amounts accruing before the modification;
2. Enforce nonmodifiable aspects of that order; and
3. Provide other appropriate relief for violations of that order which occurred before the effective date of the modification.
D. A tribunal of this Commonwealth shall recognize the continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of a tribunal of another state which has issued a child support order pursuant to a law substantially similar to this chapter.
E. A temporary support order issued ex parte or pending resolution of a jurisdictional conflict does not create continuing, exclusive jurisdiction in the issuing tribunal.
F. A tribunal of this Commonwealth issuing a support order consistent with the law of this Commonwealth has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over a spousal support order throughout the existence of the support obligation. A tribunal of this Commonwealth may not modify a spousal support order issued by a tribunal of another state having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over that order under the law of that state.
G. The support enforcement agency of this Commonwealth is not authorized to establish or enforce a support order for spousal support only.
§ 20-88.41. Recognition of controlling child support orders.
A. If a proceeding is brought under this chapter and only one tribunal has issued a child support order, the order of that tribunal controls and must be so recognized.
B. If a proceeding is brought under this chapter, and one
two or more child support orders have been issued in
by tribunals of this Commonwealth or another state
with regard to an the same obligor and a
child, a tribunal of this Commonwealth shall apply the following rules in
determining which order to recognize for purposes of continuing, exclusive
jurisdiction:
1. If only one tribunal has issued a child support order, the order of
that tribunal must be recognized.
2. If two or more tribunals have issued child support orders for the same
obligor and child, and only one of the tribunals would have continuing,
exclusive jurisdiction under this chapter, the order of that tribunal
controls and must be so recognized.
3. 2. If two or more tribunals have issued child
support orders for the same obligor and child, and more than one of the
tribunals would have continuing, exclusive jurisdiction under this chapter, an
order issued by a tribunal in the current home state of the child controls
and must be so recognized, but if an order has not been issued
in the current home state of the child, the order most recently issued
controls and must be so recognized.
4. 3. If two or more tribunals have issued child
support orders for the same obligor and child, and none of the tribunals
would have continuing, exclusive jurisdiction under this chapter, a tribunal of
this Commonwealth may having jurisdiction over the parties
shall issue a child support order, which controls and must be
so recognized.
B. C. If two or more child support orders have been
issued for the same obligor and child and if the obligor or the individual
obligee resides in this Commonwealth, a party may request a tribunal of this
Commonwealth to determine which order controls and must be recognized under
subsection B. The request must be accompanied by a certified copy of every
support order in effect. The requesting party shall give notice of the request
to each party whose rights may be affected by a determination.
D. The tribunal that has issued an the
controlling order recognized under subsection A, B or C
is the tribunal having that has continuing,
exclusive jurisdiction in accordance with § 20-88.39.
E. A tribunal of this Commonwealth which determines by order the identity of the controlling child support order under subdivision 1 or 2 of subsection B or which issues a new controlling child support order under subdivision 3 of subsection B shall include in that order the basis upon which the tribunal made its determination.
F. Within thirty days after issuance of the order determining the identity of the controlling order, the party obtaining that order shall file a certified copy of it with each tribunal that had issued or registered an earlier order of child support. A party who obtains the order and fails to file a certified copy is subject to appropriate sanctions by a tribunal in which the issue of failure arises. The failure to file does not affect the validity or enforceability of the controlling order.
§ 20-88.47. Duties of initiating tribunal.
A. Upon the filing of a petition authorized by this chapter, an initiating tribunal of this Commonwealth shall forward three copies of the petition and its accompanying documents to (i) the responding tribunal or appropriate support enforcement agency in the responding state or, (ii) if the identity of the responding tribunal is unknown, to the state information agency of the responding state with a request that they be forwarded to the appropriate tribunal and that receipt be acknowledged.
B. If a responding state has not enacted this act or a law or procedure substantially similar to this act, a tribunal of this Commonwealth may issue a certificate or other documents and make findings required by the law of the responding state. If the responding state is a foreign jurisdiction, the tribunal may specify the amount of support sought and provide other documents necessary to satisfy the requirements of the responding state.
§ 20-88.48. Duties and powers of responding tribunal.
A. When a responding tribunal of this Commonwealth receives a petition or
comparable pleading from an initiating tribunal or directly pursuant to
subsection C of § 20-88.44, it shall cause the petition or pleading to be
filed and notify the petitioner by first class mail where and when
it was filed. An order for spousal support only shall be forwarded to the
appropriate juvenile and domestic relations or family court.
B. A responding tribunal of this Commonwealth, to the extent otherwise authorized by law, may do one or more of the following:
1. Issue or enforce a support order, modify a child support order, or render a judgment to determine parentage;
2. Order an obligor to comply with a support order, specifying the amount and the manner of compliance;
3. Order income withholding;
4. Determine the amount of any arrearages, and specify a method of payment;
5. Enforce orders by civil or criminal contempt, or both;
6. Set aside property for satisfaction of the support order;
7. Place liens and order execution on the obligor's property;
8. Order an obligor to keep the tribunal informed of the obligor's current residential address, telephone number, employer, address of employment, and telephone number at the place of employment;
9. Issue a capias for an obligor who has failed after proper notice to appear at a hearing ordered by the tribunal and enter the capias in any local and state computer systems for criminal warrants;
10. Order the obligor to seek appropriate employment by specified methods;
11. Award reasonable attorney's fees and other fees and costs; and
12. Grant any other available remedy.
C. A responding tribunal of this Commonwealth shall include in a support order issued under this chapter or in the documents accompanying the order, the calculations on which the support order is based.
D. A responding tribunal of this Commonwealth may not condition the payment of a support order issued under this chapter upon compliance by a party with provisions for visitation.
E. If a responding tribunal of this Commonwealth issues an order under this
chapter, the tribunal shall promptly send a copy of the order by first
class mail to the petitioner and the respondent and to the initiating
tribunal, if any.
§ 20-88.49. Inappropriate tribunal.
If a petition or comparable pleading is received by an inappropriate tribunal
of this Commonwealth, it shall forward the pleading and accompanying documents
to an appropriate tribunal in this Commonwealth or another state, and notify
the petitioner by first class mail where and when the pleading was
sent.
§ 20-88.50. Duties of support enforcement agency.
A. A support enforcement agency of this Commonwealth, upon request, shall provide services to a petitioner in a proceeding under this chapter. A support enforcement agency that is providing services to the petitioner as appropriate shall:
1. Take all steps necessary to enable an appropriate tribunal in this Commonwealth or another state to obtain jurisdiction over the respondent;
2. Request an appropriate tribunal to set a date, time, and place for a hearing;
3. Make a reasonable effort to obtain all relevant information, including information as to income and property of the parties;
4. Within two days, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays, after
receipt of a written notice from an initiating, responding, or registering
tribunal, send a copy of the notice by first class mail to the
petitioner;
5. Within two days, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays, after
receipt of a written communication from the respondent or the respondent's
attorney, send a copy of the communication by first class mail to
the petitioner; and
6. Notify the petitioner if jurisdiction over the respondent cannot be obtained.
B. This chapter does not create or negate a relationship of attorney and client or other fiduciary relationship between a support enforcement agency or the attorney for the agency and the individual being assisted by the agency.
§ 20-88.64. Employer's receipt of income-withholding order of another state.
A. An income-withholding order issued in another state may be sent
by first class mail to the person or entity defined as the obligor's
employer under the income-withholding law of this Commonwealth without first
filing a petition or comparable pleading or registering the order with a
tribunal of this Commonwealth. Upon receipt of the order, the employer
shall:
1. Treat an income-withholding order issued in another state which appears
regular on its face as if it had been issued by a tribunal of this
Commonwealth;
2. Immediately provide a copy of the order to the obligor; and
3. Distribute the funds as directed in the withholding order.
B. An obligor may contest the validity or enforcement of an
income-withholding order issued in another state in the same manner as if the
order had been issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth. Section 20-88.68
applies to the contest. The obligor shall give notice of the contest to any
support enforcement agency providing services to the obligee and to (i) the
person or agency designated to receive payments in the income-withholding order
or (ii) if no person or agency is designated, the obligee.
§ 20-88.64:1. Employer's compliance with income-withholding order of another state.
A. Upon receipt of the order, the obligor's employer shall immediately provide a copy of the order to the obligor. The employer shall treat an income-withholding order issued in another state which appears regular on its face as if it had been issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth.
B. Except as provided in subsection C and § 20-88.64:2, the employer shall withhold and distribute the funds as directed in the withholding order by complying with the terms of the order, as applicable, that specify:
1. The duration and amount of periodic payments of current child support, stated as a sum certain;
2. The person or agency designated to receive payments and the address to which the payments are to be forwarded;
3. Medical support, whether in the form of periodic cash payments, stated as a sum certain or ordering the obligor to provide health insurance coverage for the child under a policy available through the obligor's employer;
4. The amount of periodic payments of fees and costs for a support enforcement agency, the issuing tribunal, and the obligee's attorney, stated as sums certain; and
5. The amount of periodic payments of arrearages and interest on arrearages, stated as sums certain.
C. An employer shall comply with the law of the state of the obligor's principal place of employment for withholding from income with respect to:
1. The employer's fee for processing an income-withholding order;
2. The maximum amount permitted to be withheld from the obligor's income; and
3. The times within which the employer must implement the withholding order and forward the child support payment.
§ 20-88.64:2. Compliance with multiple income-withholding orders.
If an obligor's employer receives multiple income-withholding orders with respect to the earnings of the same obligor, the employer satisfies the terms of the multiple orders if the employer complies with the law of the state of the obligor's principal place of employment to establish priorities for withholding and allocating income withheld for multiple child support obligees.
§ 20-88.64:3. Immunity from civil liability.
An employer who complies with an income withholding order issued in another state in accordance with this article is not subject to civil liability to any individual or agency with regard to the employer's withholding child support from the obligor's income.
§ 20-88.64:4. Penalties for noncompliance.
An employer who willfully fails to comply with an income-withholding order issued by another state and received for enforcement is subject to the same penalties that may be imposed for noncompliance with an order issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth.
§ 20-88.64:5. Contest by obligor.
An obligor may contest the validity or enforcement of an income-withholding order issued in another state and received directly by an employer in this Commonwealth in the same manner as if the order had been issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth. Section 20-88.69 applies to the contest. The obligor shall give notice of the contest to (i) a support enforcement agency providing services to the obligee, (ii) each employer which has directly received an income-withholding order, and (iii) the person or agency designated to receive payments in the income-withholding order or if no person or agency is designated, the obligee.
§ 20-88.70. Contest of validity or enforcement; registration of order.
A. When a support order or income-withholding order issued in another state is
registered, the registering tribunal shall notify the nonregistering
party. Notice must be given by first-class, certified, or registered mail
or by any means of personal service authorized by the law of this
Commonwealth. The notice must be accompanied by a copy of the registered
order and the documents and relevant information accompanying the order.
B. The notice must inform the nonregistering party:
1. That a registered order is enforceable as of the date of registration in the same manner as an order issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth;
2. That a hearing to contest the validity or enforcement of the registered
order must be requested within twenty days after the date of mailing or
personal service of the notice;
3. That failure to contest the validity or enforcement of the registered order in a timely manner will result in confirmation of the order and enforcement of the order and the alleged arrearages and precludes further contest of that order with respect to any matter that could have been asserted; and
4. Of the amount of any alleged arrearages.
C. Upon registration of an income-withholding order for enforcement, the registering tribunal shall notify the obligor's employer pursuant to the income-withholding for support law of this Commonwealth.
§ 20-88.71. Procedure to contest validity or enforcement of registered order.
A. A nonregistering party seeking to contest the validity or enforcement of a
registered order in this Commonwealth shall request a hearing within twenty
days after the date of mailing or personal service of
notice of the registration. The nonregistering party may seek to vacate
the registration, to assert any defense to an allegation of noncompliance with
the registered order, or to contest the remedies being sought or the amount of
any alleged arrearages pursuant to § 20-88.72.
B. If the nonregistering party fails to contest the validity or enforcement of the registered order in a timely manner, the order is confirmed by operation of law.
C. If a nonregistering party requests a hearing to contest the validity or
enforcement of the registered order, the registering tribunal shall schedule
the matter for hearing and give notice to the parties by first-class mail
of the date, time, and place of the hearing.
§ 20-88.76. Modification of child support order of another state.
A. After a child support order issued in another state has been registered in
this Commonwealth, the responding tribunal of this Commonwealth may modify that
order only if, § 20-88.77:1 does not apply and after
notice and hearing, it finds that:
1. The following requirements are met:
a. The child, the individual obligee, and the obligor do not reside in the issuing state;
b. A petitioner who is a nonresident of this Commonwealth seeks modification; and
c. The respondent is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the tribunal of this Commonwealth; or
2. An individual party or The child or a party who is an
individual is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the tribunal
of this Commonwealth and all of the individual parties have filed a
written consent consents in the issuing tribunal
providing that for a tribunal of this Commonwealth
may to modify the support order and assume continuing,
exclusive jurisdiction over the order. However, if the issuing state is a
foreign jurisdiction that has not enacted a law or established procedures
substantially similar to the procedures under this chapter, the consent
otherwise required of an individual residing in this Commonwealth is not
required for the tribunal to assume jurisdiction to modify the child support
order.
B. Modification of a registered child support order is subject to the same requirements, procedures, and defenses that apply to the modification of an order issued by a tribunal of this Commonwealth and the order may be enforced and satisfied in the same manner.
C. A tribunal of this Commonwealth may not modify any aspect of a child support order that may not be modified under the law of the issuing state. If two or more tribunals have issued child support orders for the same obligor and child, the order that controls and must be so recognized under § 20-88.41 establishes the aspects of the support order which are nonmodifiable.
D. On issuance of an order modifying a child support order issued in another
state, a tribunal of this Commonwealth becomes the tribunal of
having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.
E. Within thirty days after issuance of a modified child
support order, the party obtaining the modification shall file a certified copy
of the order with the issuing tribunal which had continuing, exclusive
jurisdiction over the earlier order, and in each tribunal in which the party
knows that the earlier order has been registered.
§ 20-88.77. Recognition of order modified in another state.
A tribunal of this Commonwealth shall recognize a modification of its earlier child support order by a tribunal of another state which assumed jurisdiction pursuant to this chapter or a law substantially similar to this chapter and, upon request, except as otherwise provided in this chapter, shall:
1. Enforce the order that was modified only as to amounts accruing before the modification;
2. Enforce only nonmodifiable aspects of that order;
3. Provide other appropriate relief only for violations of that order which occurred before the effective date of the modification; and
4. Recognize the modifying order of the other state, upon registration, for the purpose of enforcement.
§ 20-88.77:1. Jurisdiction to modify support order of another state when individual parties reside in this Commonwealth.
A. If all of the parties who are individuals reside in this Commonwealth and the child does not reside in the issuing state, a tribunal of this Commonwealth has jurisdiction to enforce and to modify the issuing state's child support order in a proceeding to register that order.
B. A tribunal of this Commonwealth exercising jurisdiction as provided in this section shall apply the provisions of Articles 1 (§ 20-88.32 et seq.) and 2 (§ 20-88.35 et seq.), of this article and the procedural and substantive law of this Commonwealth to the enforcement or modification. Articles 3 through 5 (§ 20-88.37 et seq.) and Articles 7 (§ 20-88.64 et seq.) and 8 (§ 20-88.66 et seq.) do not apply.
§ 20-88.77:2. Notice to issuing tribunal of modification.
Within thirty days after issuance of a modified child support order, the party obtaining the modification shall file a certified copy of the order with the issuing tribunal that had continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over the earlier order, and in each tribunal in which the party knows the earlier order has been registered. A party who obtains the order and fails to file a certified copy is subject to appropriate sanctions by a tribunal in which the issue of failure to file arises. The failure does not affect the validity or enforceability of the modified order of the new tribunal having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.
§ 20-88.78. Proceeding to determine parentage.
A. A tribunal of this Commonwealth may serve as an initiating or responding
tribunal in a proceeding brought under this chapter or a law or procedure
substantially similar to this chapter, or to the
Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, or the Revised Uniform
Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act to determine that the petitioner is a
parent of a particular child or to determine that a respondent is a parent of
that child.
B. In a proceeding to determine parentage, a responding tribunal of this Commonwealth shall apply the procedural and substantive law of this Commonwealth, and the rules of this Commonwealth on choice of law.