SEARCH SITE

VIRGINIA LAW PORTAL

SEARCHABLE DATABASES

ACROSS SESSIONS

Developed and maintained by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems.

1996 SESSION


CHAPTER 879
An Act to amend and reenact §§ 20-103 and 20-124.2 of the Code of Virginia and §§ 16.1-278.15 and 63.1-252.1 of the Code of Virginia, as they are currently effective and as they may become effective, relating to child support.
[H 55]
Approved April 10, 1996

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia:

1. That §§ 20-103 and 20-124.2 of the Code of Virginia and §§ 16.1-278.15 and 63.1-252.1 of the Code of Virginia, as they are currently effective and as they may become effective, are amended and reenacted as follows:

§ 16.1-278.15. Custody or visitation, child or spousal support generally.

A. In cases involving the custody, visitation or support of a child pursuant to subdivision A 3 of § 16.1-241, the court may make any order of disposition to protect the welfare of the child and family as may be made by the circuit court. If support is ordered for a child, the order shall also provide that support will continue to be paid for a child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until the child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever occurs first.

B. In any case involving the custody or visitation of a child, the court may award custody upon petition to any party with a legitimate interest therein, including, but not limited to, grandparents, stepparents, former stepparents, blood relatives and family members. The term "legitimate interest" shall be broadly construed to accommodate the best interest of the child. The authority of the juvenile court to consider a petition involving the custody of a child shall not be proscribed or limited where the custody of the child has previously been awarded to a local board of social services.

C. In any determination of support obligation under this section, the support obligation as it becomes due and unpaid creates a judgment by operation of law. Such judgment becomes a lien against real estate only when docketed in the county or city where such real estate is located. Nothing herein shall be construed to alter or amend the process of attachment of any lien on personal property.

D. In cases involving charges for desertion, abandonment or failure to provide support by any person in violation of law, disposition shall be made in accordance with Chapter 5 (§ 20-61 et seq.) of Title 20.

E. In cases involving a spouse who seeks spousal support after having separated from his spouse, the court may enter any appropriate order to protect the welfare of the spouse seeking support.

F. In any case or proceeding involving the custody or visitation of a child, the court shall consider the best interest of the child, including the considerations for determining custody and visitation set forth in Chapter 6.1 (§ 20-124.1 et seq.) of Title 20.

§ 16.1-278.15. (Delayed effective date) Custody or visitation, child or spousal support generally.

A. In cases involving the custody, visitation or support of a child pursuant to subdivision A 3 of § 16.1-241, the court may make any order of disposition to protect the welfare of the child and family. If support is ordered for a child, the order shall also provide that support will continue to be paid for a child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until the child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever occurs first.

B. In any case involving the custody or visitation of a child, the court may award custody upon petition to any party with a legitimate interest therein, including, but not limited to, grandparents, stepparents, former stepparents, blood relatives and family members. The term "legitimate interest" shall be broadly construed to accommodate the best interest of the child. The authority of the family court to consider a petition involving the custody of a child shall not be proscribed or limited where the custody of the child has previously been awarded to a local board of social services.

C. In any determination of support obligation under this section, the support obligation as it becomes due and unpaid creates a judgment by operation of law. Such judgment becomes a lien against real estate only when docketed in the county or city where such real estate is located. Nothing herein shall be construed to alter or amend the process of attachment of any lien on personal property.

D. In cases involving charges for desertion, abandonment or failure to provide support by any person in violation of law, disposition shall be made in accordance with Chapter 5 (§ 20-61 et seq.) of Title 20.

E. In cases involving a spouse who seeks spousal support after having separated from his spouse, the court may enter any appropriate order to protect the welfare of the spouse seeking support.

F. In any case or proceeding involving the custody or visitation of a child, the court shall consider the best interest of the child, including the considerations for determining custody and visitation set forth in Chapter 6.1 (§ 20-124.1 et seq.) of Title 20.

§ 20-103. Court may make orders pending suit for divorce, custody or visitation, etc.

A. In suits for divorce, annulment and separate maintenance, and in proceedings arising under subdivision A 3 or L of § 16.1-241, the court having jurisdiction of the matter may, at any time pending a suit pursuant to this chapter, in the discretion of such court, make any order that may be proper (i) to compel a spouse to pay any sums necessary for the maintenance and support of the petitioning spouse, including an order that the other spouse provide health care coverage for the petitioning spouse, unless it is shown that such coverage cannot be obtained, (ii) to enable such spouse to carry on the suit, (iii) to prevent either spouse from imposing any restraint on the personal liberty of the other spouse, (iv) to provide for the custody and maintenance of the minor children of the parties, including an order that either party provide health care coverage for the children, (v) to provide support for any child of the parties to whom a duty of support is owed and to continue to support any child over the age of eighteen but under the age of nineteen who is a full-time high school student and who otherwise meets the requirements set forth in § 20-107.2 20-124.2, (vi) for the exclusive use and possession of the family residence during the pendency of the suit, (vii) to preserve the estate of either spouse, so that it be forthcoming to meet any decree which may be made in the suit or (viii) to compel either spouse to give security to abide such decree. In addition to the authority hereinabove, the court may order parties with a minor child or children to attend educational seminars and other like programs conducted by a qualified person or organization approved by the court, on the effects of the separation or divorce on minor children, provided that no fee in excess of fifty dollars may be charged for participation in any such program. No statement or admission by a party in such seminar or program shall be admissible into evidence in any subsequent proceeding.

B. Upon a showing by a party of reasonable apprehension of physical harm to that party by such party's spouse, and consistent with rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, the court may enter an order excluding that party's spouse from the jointly owned or jointly rented family dwelling. In any case where an order is entered under this paragraph, pursuant to an ex parte hearing, the order shall not exclude a spouse from the family dwelling for a period in excess of fifteen days from the date the order is served, in person, upon the spouse so excluded. The order may provide for an extension of time beyond the fifteen days, to become effective automatically. The spouse served may at any time file a written motion in the clerk's office requesting a hearing to dissolve or modify the order. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the court from extending an order entered under this paragraph subsection for such longer period of time as is deemed appropriate, after a hearing on notice to the parties.

C. In cases other than those for divorce in which a custody or visitation arrangement for a minor child is sought, the court may enter an order providing for custody, visitation or maintenance pending the suit as provided in subsection A. The order shall be directed to either parent or any person with a legitimate interest who is a party to the suit.

D. Orders entered pursuant to this section which provide for custody or visitation arrangements pending the suit shall be made in accordance with the standards set out in Chapter 6.1 (§ 20-124.1 et seq.) of Title 20.

E. An order entered pursuant to this section shall have no presumptive effect and shall not be determinative when adjudicating the underlying cause.

§ 20-124.2. Court-ordered custody and visitation arrangements.

A. In any case in which custody or visitation of minor children is at issue, whether in a circuit or district court, the court shall provide prompt adjudication, upon due consideration of all the facts, of custody and visitation arrangements, including support and maintenance for the children, prior to other considerations arising in the matter. The court may enter an order pending the suit as provided in § 20-103. The procedures for determining custody and visitation arrangements shall insofar as practical, and consistent with the ends of justice, preserve the dignity and resources of family members. Mediation shall be used as an alternative to litigation where appropriate.

B. In determining custody, the court shall give primary consideration to the best interests of the child. The court shall assure minor children of frequent and continuing contact with both parents, when appropriate, and encourage parents to share in the responsibilities of rearing their children. As between the parents, there shall be no presumption or inference of law in favor of either. The court shall give due regard to the primacy of the parent-child relationship but may upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence that the best interest of the child would be served thereby award custody or visitation to any other person with a legitimate interest. The court may award joint custody or sole custody.

C. The court may order that support be paid for any child of the parties and, if support is ordered,. The court shall also order that it support will continue to be paid for any child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting and (iii) living in the home of the party seeking or receiving child support until such child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever first occurs. However, the court may confirm a stipulation or agreement of the parties which extends a support obligation beyond when it would otherwise terminate as provided by law. The court shall have no authority to decree support of children payable by the estate of a deceased party. The court may make such further decree as it shall deem expedient concerning support of the minor children, including an order that any party provide health care coverage.

The court shall have the continuing authority and jurisdiction to make any additional orders necessary to effectuate and enforce any order entered pursuant to this section or § 20-103 including the authority to punish as contempt of court any willful failure of a party to comply with the provisions of the order.

§ 63.1-252.1. Notice of administrative support order; contents; hearing; modification.

The Commissioner may proceed against a responsible person whose support debt has accrued or is accruing based upon subrogation to, assignment of, or authorization to enforce a support obligation. Such obligation may be created by a court order for support of a child or child and spouse or decree of divorce ordering support of a child or child and spouse. In the absence of such a court order or decree of divorce, the Commissioner may, pursuant to this chapter, proceed against a person whose support debt has accrued or is accruing based upon payment of public assistance or who has a responsibility for the support of any dependent child or children and their caretaker. The administrative support order shall also provide that support shall continue to be paid for any child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until such child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever comes first. The Commissioner shall initiate proceedings by issuing notice containing the administrative support order which shall become effective unless timely contested. The notice shall be served upon the debtor (i) in accordance with the provisions of §§ 8.01-296, 8.01-327 or § 8.01-329 or (ii) by certified mail, return receipt requested, or service may be waived. A copy of the notice shall be sent to the obligee by first-class mail upon service of the notice. The notice shall include the following:

1. A statement of the support debt or obligation accrued or accruing and the basis and authority under which the assessment of the debt or obligation was made;

2. A statement of the name of the child or children and caretaker for whom support is being sought;

3. A statement that support shall continue to be paid for any child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until such child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever comes first;

4. A demand for immediate payment of the support debt or obligation or, in the alternative, a demand that the debtor file an answer with the Commissioner within ten days of the date of service of the notice stating his defenses to liability;

5. A statement of the name and address of the person to whom the answer is to be filed;

6. A statement that if no answer is made on or before ten days from the date of service of the notice, the administrative support order shall be final and enforceable, and the support debt shall be assessed and determined subject to computation, and is subject to collection action;

7. A statement that the property of the debtor will be subject to lien and foreclosure, distraint, seizure and sale or an order to withhold and deliver or mandatory withholding of earnings;

8. A statement that the obligor shall keep the Department informed regarding access to health insurance coverage and health insurance policy information and a statement that health care coverage may be required for the debtor's dependent children if available at reasonable cost as defined in § 63.1-250;

9. A statement of each party's right to appeal and the procedures applicable to appeals from the decision of the Commissioner;

10. A statement that the obligor's income shall be immediately withheld to comply with this order unless the obligee, or the Department of Social Services, if the obligee is receiving public assistance, and obligor agree to an alternative arrangement;

11. A statement that any determination of a support obligation under this section creates a judgment by operation of law and as such is entitled to full faith and credit in any other state or jurisdiction;

12. A statement that the obligor shall give the Department written notice of any change in the obligor's address within thirty days of the change of address; and

13. A statement that the obligor shall keep the Department informed of the name and address of the obligor's current employer.

If no answer is received by the Commissioner within ten days of the date of service or acceptance, the administrative support order shall be as provided in the notice. The Commissioner may initiate collection procedures pursuant to this chapter, Chapter 11 (§ 16.1-226 et seq.) of Title 16.1 or Title 20. If the debtor, within ten days of the date of service of the notice, files an answer, with the Commissioner alleging defenses to the liability imposed pursuant to § 63.1-251, the debtor shall have the right to an administrative hearing.

Any changes in the amount of the administrative order must be made pursuant to this section. In no event shall an administrative hearing alter or amend the amount or terms of any court order for support or decree of divorce ordering support. No support order may be retroactively modified, but may be modified with respect to any period during which there is a pending petition for modification, but only from the date that notice of such petition has been given to the responding party. The existence of an administrative order shall not preclude either an obligor or obligee from commencing appropriate proceedings in a juvenile and domestic relations district court or a circuit court.

§ 63.1-252.1. (Delayed effective date) Notice of administrative support order; contents; hearing; modification.

The Commissioner may proceed against a responsible person whose support debt has accrued or is accruing based upon subrogation to, assignment of, or authorization to enforce a support obligation. Such obligation may be created by a court order for support of a child or child and spouse or decree of divorce ordering support of a child or child and spouse. In the absence of such a court order or decree of divorce, the Commissioner may, pursuant to this chapter, proceed against a person whose support debt has accrued or is accruing based upon payment of public assistance or who has a responsibility for the support of any dependent child or children and their caretaker. The administrative support order shall also provide that support shall continue to be paid for any child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until such child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever comes first. The Commissioner shall initiate proceedings by issuing notice containing the administrative support order which shall become effective unless timely contested. The notice shall be served upon the debtor (i) in accordance with the provisions of §§ 8.01-296, 8.01-327 or § 8.01-329 or (ii) by certified mail, return receipt requested, or service may be waived. A copy of the notice shall be sent to the obligee by first-class mail upon service of the notice. The notice shall include the following:

1. A statement of the support debt or obligation accrued or accruing and the basis and authority under which the assessment of the debt or obligation was made;

2. A statement of the name of the child or children and caretaker for whom support is being sought;

3. A statement that support shall continue to be paid for any child over the age of eighteen who is (i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting, and (iii) living in the home of the parent seeking or receiving child support, until such child reaches the age of nineteen or graduates from high school, whichever comes first;

4. A demand for immediate payment of the support debt or obligation or in the alternative, a demand that the debtor file an answer with the Commissioner within ten days of the date of service of the notice stating his defenses to liability;

5. A statement of the name and address of the person to whom the answer is to be filed;

6. A statement that if no answer is made on or before ten days from the date of service of the notice, the administrative support order shall be final and enforceable, and the support debt shall be assessed and determined subject to computation, and is subject to collection action;

7. A statement that the property of the debtor will be subject to lien and foreclosure, distraint, seizure and sale or an order to withhold and deliver or mandatory withholding of earnings;

8. A statement that the obligor shall keep the Department informed regarding access to health insurance coverage and health insurance policy information and a statement that health care coverage may be required for the debtor's dependent children if available at reasonable cost as defined in § 63.1-250;

9. A statement of each party's right to appeal and the procedures applicable to appeals from the decision of the Commissioner;

10. A statement that the obligor's income shall be immediately withheld to comply with this order unless the obligee, or the Department of Social Services, if the obligee is receiving public assistance, and obligor agree to an alternative arrangement;

11. A statement that any determination of a support obligation under this section creates a judgment by operation of law and as such is entitled to full faith and credit in any other state or jurisdiction;

12. A statement that the obligor shall give the Department written notice of any change in the obligor's address within thirty days of the change of address; and

13. A statement that the obligor shall keep the Department informed of the name and address of the obligor's current employer.

If no answer is received by the Commissioner within ten days of the date of service or acceptance, the administrative support order shall be as provided in the notice. The Commissioner may initiate collection procedures pursuant to this chapter, Chapter 11 (§ 16.1-226 et seq.) of Title 16.1 or Title 20. If the debtor, within ten days of the date of service of the notice, files an answer, with the Commissioner alleging defenses to the liability imposed pursuant to § 63.1-251, the debtor shall have the right to an administrative hearing.

Any changes in the amount of the administrative order must be made pursuant to this section. In no event shall an administrative hearing alter or amend the amount or terms of any court order for support or decree of divorce ordering support. No support order may be retroactively modified, but may be modified with respect to any period during which there is a pending petition for modification, but only from the date that notice of such petition has been given to the responding party. The existence of an administrative order shall not preclude either an obligor or obligee from commencing appropriate proceedings in a family court.