SEARCH SITE
VIRGINIA LAW PORTAL
- Code of Virginia
- Virginia Administrative Code
- Constitution of Virginia
- Charters
- Authorities
- Compacts
- Uncodified Acts
- RIS Users (account required)
SEARCHABLE DATABASES
- Bills & Resolutions
session legislation - Bill Summaries
session summaries - Reports to the General Assembly
House and Senate documents - Legislative Liaisons
State agency contacts
ACROSS SESSIONS
- Subject Index: Since 1995
- Bills & Resolutions: Since 1994
- Summaries: Since 1994
Developed and maintained by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems.
2018 SESSION
18104392DBe it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia:
1. That §§ 18.2-251.02, 19.2-386.1, 19.2-386.10, 19.2-386.11, 19.2-386.12, 19.2-386.14, 19.2-386.31, 19.2-386.32, 19.2-386.34, and 19.2-386.35 of the Code of Virginia are amended and reenacted as follows:
§ 18.2-251.02. Drug Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund.
There is hereby established in the state treasury the Drug
Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund, which
shall consist of moneys received from (i)
fees imposed on certain drug offense convictions pursuant to § 16.1-69.48:3 and
subdivisions A 10 and A 11 of
§ 17.1-275 and § 16.1-69.48:3 and (ii) property subject to forfeiture pursuant
to § 19.2-386.22 that has been forfeited in accordance
with the procedures of Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.)
of Title 19.2. All interest derived from the deposit and
investment of moneys in the Fund shall be credited to the Fund. Any moneys not
appropriated by the General Assembly shall remain in the Drug Offender
Assessment and Treatment Fund and shall not be transferred or revert to the
general fund at the end of any fiscal year. All moneys in the Fund shall be
subject to annual appropriation by the General Assembly to the Department of
Corrections, the Department of Juvenile Justice, and the Commission on VASAP to
implement and operate the offender substance abuse screening and assessment
program; the Department of Criminal Justice Services for the support of
community-based probation and local pretrial services agencies; and the Office
of the Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia for the support of
drug treatment court programs.
§ 19.2-386.1. Commencing an action of forfeiture.
Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, whenever any property is forfeited to the Commonwealth by reason of the violation of any law, or if any statute provides for the forfeiture of any property or money, or if any property or money be seized as forfeited for a violation of any of the provisions of this Code, the Commonwealth shall follow the procedures set forth in this chapter.
An action against any property subject to seizure under the provisions of Chapter 22.2 (§ 19.2-386.15 et seq.) shall be commenced by the filing of an information in the clerk's office of the circuit court. Any information shall be filed in the name of the Commonwealth by the attorney for the Commonwealth or may be filed by the Attorney General if so requested by the attorney for the Commonwealth. Venue for an action of forfeiture shall lie in the county or city where (i) the property is located, (ii) the property is seized, or (iii) an owner of the property could be prosecuted for the illegal conduct alleged to give rise to the forfeiture. Such information shall (a) name as parties defendant all owners and lienholders then known or of record and the trustees named in any deed of trust securing such lienholder, (b) specifically describe the property, (c) set forth in general terms the grounds for forfeiture of the named property, (d) pray that the same be condemned and sold or otherwise be disposed of according to law, and (e) ask that all persons concerned or interested be notified to appear and show cause why such property should not be forfeited. In all cases, an information shall be filed within three years of the date of actual discovery by the Commonwealth of the last act giving rise to the forfeiture or the action for forfeiture will be barred. Any action of forfeiture commenced under this section shall be stayed until the court in which the owner of the property is being prosecuted for an offense authorizing the forfeiture finds the owner guilty of any offense that authorizes forfeiture of such property, and any property eligible for forfeiture under the provisions of any statute shall be forfeited only upon such finding of the owner's guilt, regardless of whether the owner has been sentenced. If no such finding is made by the court, all property seized shall be released from seizure no later than 21 days from the date the stay terminates. However, property that has been seized may be forfeited pursuant to the procedures set forth in this chapter even though no finding of guilt is made if (1) the owner of the property is a fugitive from justice, (2) there is no identifiable owner of the property, (3) the property has been abandoned, (4) the owner denied ownership of the property during the prosecution for the offense, (5) the owner of the property agrees to the forfeiture, (6) such forfeiture is ordered by a court pursuant to a lawful plea agreement, or (7) the owner of the property has not submitted a written demand for the return of the property with the law-enforcement agency that seized the property within 21 days from the date the stay terminates.
§ 19.2-386.10. Forfeiture; default judgment; remission; trial.
A. A party defendant who fails to appear as provided in §
19.2-386.9 shall be in default. The forfeiture shall be deemed established as
to the interest of any party in default upon entry of judgment as provided in §
19.2-386.11. Within 21 days after entry of judgment, any party defendant
against whom judgment has been so entered may petition the
Department of Criminal Justice Services
court for remission of his interest in the forfeited
property. For good cause shown and upon proof by a preponderance of the
evidence that the party defendant's interest in the property is exempt under
subdivision 2, 3, or 4 of § 19.2-386.8, the
Department of Criminal Justice Services
court shall grant the petition and direct the state
treasury to either (i) remit to the party defendant an amount not exceeding the
party defendant's interest in the proceeds of sale of the forfeited property
after deducting expenses incurred and payable pursuant to subsection B of §
19.2-386.12 or (ii) convey clear and absolute title to the forfeited property
in extinguishment of such interest.
If any party defendant appears in accordance with § 19.2-386.9, the court shall proceed to trial of the case, unless trial by jury is demanded by the Commonwealth or any party defendant. At trial, the Commonwealth has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that the property is subject to forfeiture under this chapter. Upon such a showing by the Commonwealth, the claimant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the claimant's interest in the property is exempt under subdivision 2, 3, or 4 of § 19.2-386.8.
B. The information and trial thereon shall be independent of
any criminal proceeding against any party or other person for violation of law. However, upon motion and for good cause shown, the
court may stay a forfeiture proceeding that is related to any warrant,
indictment, or information.
§ 19.2-386.11. Judgment of condemnation; destruction.
A. If the forfeiture is established, the judgment shall be
that the property be condemned as forfeited to the Commonwealth subject to any
remission granted under subsection A of § 19.2-386.10 and further that the same
be sold, unless (i) a sale thereof has been already made under § 19.2-386.7,
(ii) the court determines that the property forfeited is of such minimal value
that the sale would not be in the best interest of the Commonwealth or (iii)
the court finds that the property may be subject to return to a participating
agency. If the court finds that the property may be
subject to return to an agency participating in the seizure in accordance with
subsection C of § 19.2-386.14, the order shall provide for storage of the
property until the determination to return it is made or, if return is not
made, for sale of the property as provided in this section and § 19.2-386.12. If
sale has been made, the judgment shall be against the proceeds of sale, subject
to the rights of any lien holder whose interest is not forfeited.
If the property condemned has been delivered to the claimant under §
19.2-386.6, further judgment shall be against the obligors in the bond for the
penalty thereof, to be discharged by the payment of the appraised value of the
property, upon which judgment, process of execution shall be awarded and the
clerk shall endorse thereon, "No security is to be taken."
B. Forfeited cash and negotiable instruments shall be disposed of pursuant to the provisions of § 19.2-386.12.
C. Contraband, the sale or possession of which is unlawful, weapons and property not sold because of the minimal value thereof, may be ordered destroyed by the court.
§ 19.2-386.12. Sale of forfeited property.
A. Any sale of forfeited property shall be made for cash,
after due advertisement. The sale shall be by public sale or other commercially
feasible means authorized by the court in the order of forfeiture and shall
vest in the purchaser a clear and absolute title to the property sold subject
to the rights of any lien holder whose interest is not forfeited. The proceeds
of sale, and whatever may be realized on any bond given under § 19.2-386.6, and
any money forfeited shall be paid over to into the state treasury into a special fund of the Department of Criminal
Justice Services and credited to
either the Literary Fund or the Drug Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund
in accordance with § 19.2-386.14.
B. In all cases of forfeiture under this section, the actual expenses incident to the custody, preservation, and management of the seized property prior to forfeiture, the actual expenses incident to normal legal proceedings to perfect the Commonwealth's interest in the seized property through forfeiture, and the actual expenses incident to the sale thereof, including commissions, shall be taxed as costs and shall be paid to the person or persons who incurred these costs out of the net proceeds from the sale of such property. If there are no proceeds, the actual expenses shall be paid by the Commonwealth from the Criminal Fund. Actual expenses in excess of the available net proceeds shall be paid by the Commonwealth from the Criminal Fund. The party or parties in interest to any forfeiture proceeding commenced under this section shall be entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs if the forfeiture proceeding is terminated in favor of such party or parties. Such fees and costs shall be paid by the Commonwealth from the Criminal Fund.
The residue, if any, shall be paid and disbursed as provided
in subsection A of § 19.2-386.10 and § 19.2-386.14 and
regulations promulgated by the Criminal Justice Services Board.
§ 19.2-386.14. Disposition of forfeited assets.
A. All cash, negotiable instruments, and proceeds from a sale conducted pursuant to § 19.2-386.7 or 19.2-386.12, after deduction of expenses, fees, and costs as provided in § 19.2-386.12, shall, as soon after entry of the forfeiture as is practicable, be distributed in a manner consistent with this chapter and Article VIII, Section 8 of the Constitution of Virginia.
A1. All For property used in connection with the
manufacture, sale, or distribution of controlled substances or marijuana
that is subject to forfeiture pursuant to § 19.2-386.22, all
cash, negotiable instruments,
and proceeds from a sale conducted pursuant to § 19.2-386.7 or 19.2-386.12,
after deduction of expenses, fees,
and costs as provided in § 19.2-386.12, shall, as soon after entry of the
forfeiture as is practicable, be paid over to into the state treasury into a special fund of the Department of Criminal
Justice Services and
credited to the Drug Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund
for distribution in accordance with this section. The
forfeited property and proceeds, less 10 percent, shall be made available to
federal, state and local agencies to promote law enforcement in accordance with
this section and regulations adopted by the Criminal Justice Services Board to
implement the asset-sharing program.
The 10 percent
retained by the Department shall be held in a nonreverting fund, known as the
Asset Sharing Administrative Fund. Administrative costs incurred by the
Department to manage and operate the asset-sharing program shall be paid from
the Fund. Any amounts remaining in the Fund after payment of these costs shall
be used to promote state or local law-enforcement activities. Distributions
from the Fund for these activities shall be based upon need and shall be made
from time to time in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Board the provisions of § 18.2-251.02. For all other property subject to forfeiture, all
cash, negotiable instruments, and proceeds from a sale conducted pursuant to §
19.2-386.7 or 19.2-386.12, after deduction of expenses, fees, and costs as
provided in § 19.2-386.12, shall, as soon after entry of the
forfeiture as is practicable, be paid into the state treasury and credited to
the Literary Fund.
B. Any federal, state or
local agency or office that directly participated in the investigation or other
law-enforcement activity which led, directly or indirectly, to the seizure and
forfeiture shall be eligible for, and may petition the Department for, return
of the forfeited asset or an equitable share of the net proceeds, based upon
the degree of participation in the law-enforcement effort resulting in the
forfeiture, taking into account the total value of all property forfeited and
the total law-enforcement effort with respect to the violation of law on which
the forfeiture is based. Upon finding that the petitioning agency is eligible
for distribution and that all participating agencies agree on the equitable
share of each, the Department shall distribute each share directly to the
appropriate treasury of the participating agency.
If all eligible
participating agencies cannot agree on the equitable shares of the net
proceeds, the shares shall be determined by the Criminal Justice Services Board
in accordance with regulations which shall specify the criteria to be used by
the Board in assessing the degree of participation in the law-enforcement
effort resulting in the forfeiture. All
cash, negotiable instruments, or proceeds
from sales received by any state or local agency pursuant to
federal law authorizing the sharing of forfeited property seized
by a federal agency with a state
or local agency shall, as soon after
receipt by the state or local agency as is practicable, be paid into the state
treasury and credited to the Drug Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund for
distribution in accordance with the provisions of §
18.2-251.02.
C.
After the order of forfeiture is entered concerning any motor vehicle, boat,
aircraft, or other tangible personal property, any seizing agency may (i)
petition the Department for return of the property that is not subject to a
grant or pending petition for remission or (ii) request the circuit court to
order the property destroyed. Where all the participating agencies agree upon
the equitable distribution of the tangible personal property, the Department
shall return the property to those agencies upon finding that (a) the agency
meets the criteria for distribution as set forth in subsection B and (b)
the agency has a clear and reasonable law-enforcement need for the forfeited
property.
If all eligible
participating agencies cannot agree on the distribution of the property,
distribution shall be determined by the Criminal Justice Services Board as in
subsection B, taking into consideration the clear and reasonable
law-enforcement needs for the property which the agencies may have. In order to
equitably distribute tangible personal property, the Criminal Justice Services
Board may require the agency receiving the property to reimburse the Department
in cash for the difference between the fair market value of the forfeited
property and the agency's equitable share as determined by the Criminal Justice
Services Board.
If a seizing agency
has received property for its use pursuant to this section, when the agency
disposes of the property (1) by sale, the
proceeds shall be distributed as set forth in this section; or (2) by
destruction pursuant to a court order, the agency shall do so in a manner
consistent with this section.
D. All forfeited
property, including its proceeds or cash equivalent, received by a
participating state or local agency pursuant to this section shall be used to
promote law enforcement but shall not be used to supplant existing programs or
funds. The Board shall promulgate regulations establishing an audit procedure
to ensure compliance with this section.
E. On or after July 1,
2012, but before July 1, 2014, local seizing agencies may contribute cash funds
and proceeds from forfeited property to the Virginia Public Safety Foundation
to support the construction of the Commonwealth Public Safety Memorial. Any
funds contributed by seizing agencies shall be contributed only after an internal
analysis to determine that such contributions will not negatively impact
law-enforcement training or operations.
F.
The Department
Comptroller shall report annually on or before December 31
to the Governor and the General Assembly (i)
the amount of all cash, negotiable instruments, and proceeds from sales
conducted pursuant to § 19.2-386.7 or 19.2-386.12 that were forfeited to the
Commonwealth, including the amount of all forfeitures
distributed credited
to the Literary Fund, and
(ii) the amount of all cash, negotiable instruments, or proceeds
from sales received by any state or local agency pursuant to federal law
authorizing the sharing of forfeited property seized by a federal agency with a
state or local agency paid into the state treasury and credited to the Drug
Offender Assessment and Treatment Fund.
Such report shall also detail the amount distributed by the Department to each
federal, state, or local agency or office pursuant to this section, and the
amount each state or local agency or office received from federal asset
forfeiture proceedings. The Department shall
ensure that such report is available to the public. The Comptroller shall establish and
maintain a searchable electronic database that shall be
available to the public through the Comptroller's official website. Such
database shall contain the following information
regarding all property seized and forfeited:
1. The name of the agency seizing the property;
2. The date of the seizure;
3. A description of the seized property;
4. The criminal offense alleged authorizing the seizure;
5. The outcome of any criminal proceedings against the person from whom the property was seized;
6. The disposition of the seized property;
7. The date of the disposition of the seized property;
8. If the seized property was forfeited, the value of the property forfeited;
9. The actual expenses incident to the custody, preservation, and management of the seized property prior to forfeiture;
10. The actual expenses incident to the legal proceedings for forfeiture; and
11. The actual expenses incident to the sale of the seized property.
§ 19.2-386.31. Seizure and forfeiture of property used in connection with the exploitation and solicitation of children.
All audio and visual equipment, electronic equipment, devices
and other personal property used in connection with the possession, production,
distribution, publication, sale, possession with intent to distribute or making
of child pornography that constitutes a violation of § 18.2-374.1 or
18.2-374.1:1, or in connection with the solicitation of a person less than 18
years of age that constitutes a violation of § 18.2-374.3 shall be subject to
lawful seizure by a law-enforcement officer and shall be subject to forfeiture
to the Commonwealth pursuant to Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.). The
Commonwealth shall file an information and notice of seizure in accordance with
the procedures in Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.);
however, any forfeiture action shall be stayed until conviction of the person
whose property is subject to forfeiture. Upon his conviction,
the court may dispose of the issue of forfeiture or may continue the civil case
allowing the defendant time to answer, at the court's discretion.
§ 19.2-386.32. Seizure and forfeiture of property used in connection with the abduction of children.
All moneys and other property, real and personal, owned by a
person and used to further the abduction of a child in violation of § 18.2-47,
18.2-48, or 18.2-48.1 are subject to lawful seizure by a law-enforcement
officer and are subject to forfeiture to the Commonwealth pursuant to Chapter
22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.) by order of the court
in which a conviction under § 18.2-47, 18.2-48, or 18.2-48.1 is obtained.
§ 19.2-386.34. Forfeiture of vehicle used in a felony violation of § 18.2-266.
The vehicle solely owned and operated by the accused during
the commission of a felony violation of § 18.2-266 shall be subject to seizure
and forfeiture. After an arrest upon a felony violation of § 18.2-266, the
vehicle may be forfeited to the Commonwealth pursuant to the procedures set
forth in Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.). Any
seizure shall be stayed until conviction and the exhaustion of all appeals at
which time, if the information has been filed, the Commonwealth shall give
notice of seizure to all appropriate parties pursuant to § 19.2-386.3.
An immediate family member of the owner of any motor vehicle for which an information has been filed under this section who was not the driver at the time of the violation may petition the court in which such information was filed for the release of the motor vehicle. If the immediate family member proves by a preponderance of the evidence that his immediate family has only one motor vehicle and will suffer a substantial hardship if that motor vehicle is seized and forfeited, the court, in its discretion, may release the vehicle.
In the event that the vehicle was sold to a bona fide purchaser subsequent to the arrest but prior to seizure in order to avoid seizure and forfeiture, the Commonwealth shall have a right of action against the seller for the proceeds of the sale.
§ 19.2-386.35. Seizure of property used in connection with certain offenses.
All money, equipment, motor vehicles, and other personal and
real property of any kind or character together with any interest or profits
derived from the investment of such proceeds or other property that (i) was
used in connection with the commission of, or in an attempt to commit, a violation
of subsection B of § 18.2-47, § 18.2-48 or 18.2-59, subsection B of § 18.2-346,
or § 18.2-347, 18.2-348, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 18.2-357.1,
40.1-29, 40.1-100.2, or 40.1-103; (ii) is traceable to the proceeds of some
form of activity that violates subsection B of § 18.2-47, § 18.2-48 or 18.2-59,
subsection B of § 18.2-346, or § 18.2-347, 18.2-348, 18.2-349, 18.2-355,
18.2-356, 18.2-357, 40.1-29, 40.1-100.2, or 40.1-103; or (iii) was used to or
intended to be used to promote some form of activity that violates subsection B
of § 18.2-47, § 18.2-48 or 18.2-59, subsection B of § 18.2-346, or § 18.2-347,
18.2-348, 18.2-349, 18.2-355, 18.2-356, 18.2-357, 40.1-29, 40.1-100.2, or
40.1-103 is subject to lawful seizure by a law-enforcement officer and subject
to forfeiture to the Commonwealth pursuant to Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et
seq.). Any forfeiture action under this section shall be
stayed until conviction, and property eligible for forfeiture pursuant to this
section shall be forfeited only upon the entry of a final judgment of
conviction for an offense listed in this section; if no such judgment is
entered, all property seized pursuant to this section shall be released from
seizure.
Real property shall not be subject to seizure unless the minimum prescribed punishment for the violation is a term of imprisonment of not less than five years.
All seizures and forfeitures under this section shall be governed by Chapter 22.1 (§ 19.2-386.1 et seq.), and the procedures specified therein shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to all forfeitures under this section.